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Study on the Safety and Mildness of Surfactants
Release Date：2017-11-29 Source：xiashundong Views：1394
Surfactant in contact with human body system, such as medicine, food, cosmetics and personal hygiene items, the application of more and more widely, with the improvement of human living standard, people on all kinds of the side effects of surfactant in contact with human body formula into more and more attention. According to different purposes, the surfactant focus mainly concentrated in the mucous membrane irritation, sensitization to skin,, genetic toxicity, carcinogenicity, teratogenicity and hemolytic, digestion, absorption, biodegradation, etc. For cosmetics, for example, the principle of selecting ingredients to dress up beautiful give priority to, the choice of the surfactant is just thinking about how to achieve the best effect of the first or primary efficacy, such as net washing, foaming, emulsification, dispersion, etc.;
Next to consider to develop its second efficacy or auxiliary effect, there is little or no considering the surface active agent on the skin, hair, etc. The influence of the state of nature. In the selecting principle of surfactants are now gradually tend to be in the first meet protect the skin and hair of normal, healthy state, on the human body under the condition of the premise of the side effects of as little as possible, to consider how to play the best main effect of surfactants and auxiliary effect. The development trend of surfactant raw materials suppliers, formula and manufacturers are faced with a challenge, namely how to recognize and evaluate the safety of the surfactant and mild, provide consumers with the safest, most gentle and most effective products. Therefore, re-evaluate existing varieties of surfactant and the security of the new type surfactants and mild is very necessary.
Safety of surfactant
Surfactant and its metabolites in the biological changes in the body and that of the body may cause side effects including acute toxicity, subacute toxicity, chronic toxicity, effects on reproductive, embryo toxicity, teratogenicity, respectively, carcinogenicity, allergenic, hemolytic, etc. The surfactant with different parts of human body contact in different ways, to the side effects will put forward different requirements.
Use of surfactant in food and pharmaceutical industry as a processing aid or synergistic agent, thus increasing the surface active agent contact with the human digestive tract, blood system, it is through the mouth of the surfactant toxicity, hemolytic, hereditary and carcinogenicity, teratogenicity strict requirements are put forward. For food and liquid oral medicines such as agent, surface active agent in tablets, pills, etc must be the low-toxic and non-toxic substances;
If intravenous or intramuscular injection, you must pay attention to the hemolysis of surfactant.
Long-term use should consider the genetic, cancer-degeneration, teratogenicity and other issues that may be caused.
The mild nature of surfactant
Surfactants to human skin, eyes, hair, especially in mild skin, the eye is a quite difficult to define the concept of, so far there is still no unified standard. The surfactant of mucous membrane irritation or sensitization sex is mainly caused by three factors:
(1) dissolution refers to the surfactant itself to the skin moisturizing ingredients (such as moisturizing factor, NMF), intercellular lipid and free amino acid in corneous layer and the degree of dissolution of fat. These ingredients of dissolution will make the skin oils and surface damage, loss of skin moisture, cause cell falls off into scurfy, causing dry skin tight, tingling, or feeling. Whats more, the surfactant in addition to have a stripping effect on cells, also has dissolved effect to cells, such as SDS is effectively solute biofilm.
(2) into sex refers to the ability of the surfactant percutaneous penetration, this effect is considered to be one of the causes of all kinds of skin inflammation. Infiltration of surface active agent to change the original structure of the skin condition and the compatibility between adjacent molecules, thus cause contact dermatitis, dermal dermatitis, cause skin stimulation or even cause an allergic reaction, make the skin appears erythema and edema. The stimulating effect of the surfactants to the skin mucous membrane is worst in cationic, anionic, nonionic and amphoteric ionic is minimal.
(3) responsiveness refers to the adsorption of surfactants on the protein, the protein denaturation and change the skin pH conditions, etc. The experiment showed that PEG nonionic type low reactivity, LAS, such as the reactivity of anion is bigger.
The effect of surfactant structure on moderation2.1 evaluate the moderate approach
There are multiple ways of evaluation of mild surfactant, there is a lack of unified standards. The current generic mild evaluation method mainly divided into living test (invivotest) and in vitro test (invitrotest) two kinds big. For security reasons and to meet the needs of the animal protection movement, strongly advocated the in vitro test method at present, but most of the legislation is still with the test result of living as the inspection standard.
Because it is lack of unified legal evaluation of surfactant irritating, so it is difficult to discharge specific varieties of mild, the size of the order can only point out the general law of the surfactant structure on mild.
(1) molecular size
Small molecule surfactant can easily cause percutaneous infiltration and irritation to the skin.
Itself and macromolecular surfactant are less percutaneous penetration problem, and because of the influence of the macromolecular structure of secondary and tertiary, polar groups and hydrophobic branched chain are difficult to directly with the skin or hair, strong function, and therefore more moderate. Currently used in cosmetics and personal hygiene items to macromolecular surfactant, emulsifier, development trend, the direction of polymer, or modification of natural polymer, such as using starch, polypeptide, hydrolysis of cellulose, modification of rubber, or used synthetic polymers, such as using polyamide or polyacrylic acid as the emulsifier and thickener of emulsion cosmetics has received the high efficiency and low irritation, mild effect.
(2) long hydrophobic chain
Generally think that the longer the chain of hydrophobic group, the smaller the degree of branching, surface active agent to the human body, the more moderate, it has been proved. But is also found that there are exceptions, such as P&G development AGS (alkyl glycerol ether sulfonate) found that is not a long chain alkyl derivatives, but eight carbon alkyl derivatives excitant minimum, foamability is also good.
Next to consider to develop its second efficacy or auxiliary effect, there is little or no considering the surface active agent on the skin, hair, etc. The influence of the state of nature. In the selecting principle of surfactants are now gradually tend to be in the first meet protect the skin and hair of normal, healthy state, on the human body under the condition of the premise of the side effects of as little as possible, to consider how to play the best main effect of surfactants and auxiliary effect. The development trend of surfactant raw materials suppliers, formula and manufacturers are faced with a challenge, namely how to recognize and evaluate the safety of the surfactant and mild, provide consumers with the safest, most gentle and most effective products. Therefore, re-evaluate existing varieties of surfactant and the security of the new type surfactants and mild is very necessary.
Safety of surfactant
Surfactant and its metabolites in the biological changes in the body and that of the body may cause side effects including acute toxicity, subacute toxicity, chronic toxicity, effects on reproductive, embryo toxicity, teratogenicity, respectively, carcinogenicity, allergenic, hemolytic, etc. The surfactant with different parts of human body contact in different ways, to the side effects will put forward different requirements.
Use of surfactant in food and pharmaceutical industry as a processing aid or synergistic agent, thus increasing the surface active agent contact with the human digestive tract, blood system, it is through the mouth of the surfactant toxicity, hemolytic, hereditary and carcinogenicity, teratogenicity strict requirements are put forward. For food and liquid oral medicines such as agent, surface active agent in tablets, pills, etc must be the low-toxic and non-toxic substances;
If intravenous or intramuscular injection, you must pay attention to the hemolysis of surfactant.
Long-term use should consider the genetic, cancer-degeneration, teratogenicity and other issues that may be caused.
The mild nature of surfactant
Surfactants to human skin, eyes, hair, especially in mild skin, the eye is a quite difficult to define the concept of, so far there is still no unified standard. The surfactant of mucous membrane irritation or sensitization sex is mainly caused by three factors:
(1) dissolution refers to the surfactant itself to the skin moisturizing ingredients (such as moisturizing factor, NMF), intercellular lipid and free amino acid in corneous layer and the degree of dissolution of fat. These ingredients of dissolution will make the skin oils and surface damage, loss of skin moisture, cause cell falls off into scurfy, causing dry skin tight, tingling, or feeling. Whats more, the surfactant in addition to have a stripping effect on cells, also has dissolved effect to cells, such as SDS is effectively solute biofilm.
(2) into sex refers to the ability of the surfactant percutaneous penetration, this effect is considered to be one of the causes of all kinds of skin inflammation. Infiltration of surface active agent to change the original structure of the skin condition and the compatibility between adjacent molecules, thus cause contact dermatitis, dermal dermatitis, cause skin stimulation or even cause an allergic reaction, make the skin appears erythema and edema. The stimulating effect of the surfactants to the skin mucous membrane is worst in cationic, anionic, nonionic and amphoteric ionic is minimal.
(3) responsiveness refers to the adsorption of surfactants on the protein, the protein denaturation and change the skin pH conditions, etc. The experiment showed that PEG nonionic type low reactivity, LAS, such as the reactivity of anion is bigger.
The effect of surfactant structure on moderation2.1 evaluate the moderate approach
There are multiple ways of evaluation of mild surfactant, there is a lack of unified standards. The current generic mild evaluation method mainly divided into living test (invivotest) and in vitro test (invitrotest) two kinds big. For security reasons and to meet the needs of the animal protection movement, strongly advocated the in vitro test method at present, but most of the legislation is still with the test result of living as the inspection standard.
Because it is lack of unified legal evaluation of surfactant irritating, so it is difficult to discharge specific varieties of mild, the size of the order can only point out the general law of the surfactant structure on mild.
(1) molecular size
Small molecule surfactant can easily cause percutaneous infiltration and irritation to the skin.
Itself and macromolecular surfactant are less percutaneous penetration problem, and because of the influence of the macromolecular structure of secondary and tertiary, polar groups and hydrophobic branched chain are difficult to directly with the skin or hair, strong function, and therefore more moderate. Currently used in cosmetics and personal hygiene items to macromolecular surfactant, emulsifier, development trend, the direction of polymer, or modification of natural polymer, such as using starch, polypeptide, hydrolysis of cellulose, modification of rubber, or used synthetic polymers, such as using polyamide or polyacrylic acid as the emulsifier and thickener of emulsion cosmetics has received the high efficiency and low irritation, mild effect.
(2) long hydrophobic chain
Generally think that the longer the chain of hydrophobic group, the smaller the degree of branching, surface active agent to the human body, the more moderate, it has been proved. But is also found that there are exceptions, such as P&G development AGS (alkyl glycerol ether sulfonate) found that is not a long chain alkyl derivatives, but eight carbon alkyl derivatives excitant minimum, foamability is also good.
(3) a PEG group is introduced in the molecule
PEG type nonionic surfactants in mucous membrane to skin or eye mucous membrane of the stimulus has behaved is lower than that of the anion and cationic surfactant. Increasing the length of the PEG in molecules, excitant could fall further, even if is introduced in the ionic surfactant PEG chain, forming the so-called blending model (hybrid) surfactants, also increases the molecular mild, SDS, AES, the introduction of PEG bonds form is a good example. Introducing glycerin or other molecules polyols will also receive with the introduction of PEG chain the same results.
(4) the similarity of surfactant structure to skin
(5) polarity of ion groups
The smaller the polarity of the ion group, the more gentle the skin and hair. The AES formed by the introduction of PEG groups in the SDS structure have greatly reduced the degreasing force of the skin and hair.
If further will change for the carboxylic acid sulfonic acid root root, the formation of ECH (alkyl ether acetate), the category of surfactant emulsifier is a more moderate. Replace ionization group of ionic species, namely change the ionization degree of ionic groups in aqueous solution can also help to change the mild surfactant molecules. If the change for ammonium sodium ions in AES, helps the ionization degree of molecules, and thus the AES ammonium salt of mild increase, shampoo and bath can be used as the main surfactant. Such as sodium ion in the AES change bivalent ions such as magnesium, can greatly increase the hair smooth and soft after washing. A small amount of calcium, magnesium, fatty acid soap, mixed with a large amount of sodium soap can give the skin after bath of smooth, clean, cool feeling, it is highly hydrophilic groups sulfonic acid, sulfuric acid root doesnt have.
2.3 compatibility and moderation
Development of special new varieties of surfactant structure, the pursuit of mild is a time-consuming fee and endless thing, use of surfactant compound with synergistic sex, or the original craft, the chemical structure of the surfactant varieties improvements is another way to improve product mild.
(1) purification of surfactant
Many surfactants is tasted tested are the variety of high low irritation, mild, but industrial products due to many reasons such as raw material, process, side effects, will bring in some impurities in the product, such as raw material, no reaction by-products, toxic coloured substances, such as restrictions on the surfactant as a high quality varieties, mild application in cosmetics and personal hygiene items, etc. The most typical example is the sulfo succinate monoester disodium salt varieties, it even ranked in the order in mild imidazoline and betaine amphoteric surfactants before. But the irony is that the industrial products to the skin stimulus is quite big, not suitable for use as mild surfactants. Another example is the betaine type amphoteric surfactant, its mild also ranked in the top spear, but because of containing free amine and industrial products such as excessive sodium chloroacetate and excitant. There are a lot of work is in the original good mild surfactant varieties of process optimization and product purification, separated its mild. The term "no stimulus such as preparation of high purity RHONE - POULENC imidazoline amphoteric surfactant, our laboratory preparation of crystal betaine amphoteric surfactant, BALLESTRA scrape film drying removal dioxane preparation of AES are such varieties.
(2) surfactant recombination
Several kinds of commonly used in surfactant products, such as LAS, AES, SDS, etc. There is a serious irritant, in addition to its chemical structure and production process improvements, you can also, with some mild surfactants using surfactant in terms of stimulating the synergistic effect of combined systems are much increase of combined systems are mild, escalate cheap raw materials. This has made many beneficial attempt on the one hand, such as sulfo succinate sodium amide type is irritating when with AES by 3:1 to levels that are lower than those of amphoteric surfactant can be used to make children shampoo shampoo and high-grade low stimulation. Again as in the LAS/AES/alkanol amide tableware detergent distribution system is commonly used in match into a small amount of APG (alkyl glucoside), can make the formula of excitant down a level, to achieve the level of basic no stimulation. More than 25% of alkyl glycosides and AES blends with 75%, can make the stimulant reduce more than 70% of the AES. Of course, also combined systems have limitations, especially in the current epidemic of concentrated formula, which USES a lot of surface active agent, at this time by distribution can not fundamentally solve the problem of mild, only use gentle performance main surfactant can fundamentally solve the problem. Therefore, the development of new type of mild surfactants and the use of mild surfactant distribution is to improve the existing products of two aspects, supplement each other, be short of one cannot.